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      Go标准库笔记Ⅰ：IO
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        <h2 id="io：基本的I-O接口"><a href="#io：基本的I-O接口" class="headerlink" title="io：基本的I/O接口"></a><code>io</code>：基本的I/O接口</h2><h3 id="Reader接口"><a href="#Reader接口" class="headerlink" title="Reader接口"></a><code>Reader</code>接口</h3><ul>
<li><p>定义：</p>
  <figure class="highlight golang"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> Reader <span class="keyword">interface</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    Read(p []<span class="keyword">byte</span>)(n <span class="keyword">int</span>,err error)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p><code>Read</code>方法将<code>len(p)</code>个字节读取到p中，返回值是读取的字节数和任何遇到的错误，这个错误可能是读取中遇到的意外或者EOF(end-of-file)。</p>
</li>
<li>当<code>Read</code>方法返回错误时，不代表没有读取到任何数据。<strong>调用者应该处理返回的任何数据，之后才处理可能的错误</strong>。</li>
<li>即使<code>Read</code>函数返回的的字节数小于<code>p</code>的长度，函数也会返回完整的p；如果读取的数据不到<code>p</code>的最大长度，<code>Read</code>方法会返回当前读取到的可用数据，不会继续等待读取。</li>
<li>因为所有实现了<code>Read</code>方法的类型都相当于实现了<code>io.Reader</code>接口，也就是说，在所有需要<code>io.Reader</code>的地方，可以传递实现了<code>Read()</code>方法的类型的实例。<a id="more"></a></li>
<li>Example：  <figure class="highlight golang"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">ReadFrom</span><span class="params">(reader io.Reader,num <span class="keyword">int</span>)</span><span class="params">([]<span class="keyword">byte</span>,error)</span></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    p := <span class="built_in">make</span>([]<span class="keyword">byte</span>,num)    <span class="comment">//创建长度为num的byte数组</span></span><br><span class="line">    n, err := reader.Read(p)    <span class="comment">//将reader中的数据读到p里面</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> n &gt; <span class="number">0</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> p[:n],<span class="literal">nil</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> p ,err</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 从标准输入读取</span></span><br><span class="line">data, err = ReadFrom(os.Stdin, <span class="number">11</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 从普通文件读取，其中 file 是 os.File 的实例</span></span><br><span class="line">data, err = ReadFrom(file, <span class="number">9</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 从字符串读取</span></span><br><span class="line">data, err = ReadFrom(strings.NewReader(<span class="string">"from string"</span>), <span class="number">12</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Writer接口"><a href="#Writer接口" class="headerlink" title="Writer接口"></a><code>Writer</code>接口</h3><ul>
<li><p>定义：</p>
  <figure class="highlight golang"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> Write <span class="keyword">interface</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    Write(p []<span class="keyword">byte</span>)(n ,<span class="keyword">int</span>,err error)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>所有实现了<code>Write</code>方法的类型都实现了<code>io.Write</code>接口。</p>
</li>
<li><code>Write</code>方法将<code>len(p)</code>个字节写入基本数据流(也就是传递数据的io实例，例如<code>os.Stdout</code>、<code>http.ResponseWriter</code>)，返回写入的字节数以及遇到的任何错误，不同的是，<code>Write</code>返回的字节数小于<code>p</code>的长度时，必须返回一个非nil的错误。</li>
<li>参考文章：<a href="http://blog.studygolang.com/2013/02/%E4%BB%A5io-writer%E4%B8%BA%E4%BE%8B%E7%9C%8Bgo%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84interface/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">《以io.Writer为例看go中的interface{}》</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="举例实现了io-Reader接口或io-Writer接口的标准库类型"><a href="#举例实现了io-Reader接口或io-Writer接口的标准库类型" class="headerlink" title="举例实现了io.Reader接口或io.Writer接口的标准库类型"></a>举例实现了<code>io.Reader</code>接口或<code>io.Writer</code>接口的标准库类型</h3><ul>
<li>一个能查看接口所有的实现类型的官网镜像：<a href="http://docs.studygolang.com./" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://docs.studygolang.com</a></li>
<li>举例一些标准库类型<ul>
<li><code>os.File</code>同时实现了<code>io.Reader</code>和<code>io.Writer</code>接口</li>
<li><code>strings.Reader</code></li>
<li><code>bufio.Reader/Writer</code></li>
<li><code>bytes.Buffer</code>同时实现了<code>io.Reader</code>和<code>io.Writer</code></li>
<li><code>bytes.Reader</code></li>
<li><code>compress/gzip.Reader/Writer</code></li>
<li><code>crypto/cipher.StreamReader/StreamWriter</code></li>
<li><code>crypto/tls.Conn</code>同时实现了<code>io.Reader</code>和<code>io.Writer</code></li>
<li><code>encoding/csv.Reader/Writer</code></li>
<li><code>mime/multipart.Part</code> 实现了<code>io.Reader</code></li>
<li><code>net/conn</code>分别实现了<code>io.Reader</code>和<code>io.Writer</code>(<code>Conn</code>接口定义了<code>Read/Write</code>)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="ReaderAt和WriterAt接口"><a href="#ReaderAt和WriterAt接口" class="headerlink" title="ReaderAt和WriterAt接口"></a><code>ReaderAt</code>和<code>WriterAt</code>接口</h3><ul>
<li><p>定义：</p>
  <figure class="highlight golang"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> ReaderAt <span class="keyword">interface</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    ReadAt(p []<span class="keyword">byte</span>, off <span class="keyword">int64</span>) (n <span class="keyword">int</span>, err error)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> WriterAt <span class="keyword">interface</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    WriteAt(p []<span class="keyword">byte</span>, off <span class="keyword">int64</span>) (n <span class="keyword">int</span>, err error)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p><code>ReadAt()</code>和<code>WriteAt()</code>方法多了一个参数<code>off int64</code>，这个参数表示偏移量。实现的功能是从该制定的偏移量处读取/写入。</p>
</li>
<li><code>ReadAt()</code>方法比<code>Read()</code>方法严格一些，当返回的字节数小于<code>p</code>的长度时，必须要返回一个非nil的错误，通知调用方。</li>
<li><p>Example:</p>
  <figure class="highlight golang"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">reader := strings.NewReader(<span class="string">"Go标准库"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">p := <span class="built_in">make</span>([]<span class="keyword">byte</span>,<span class="number">9</span>)</span><br><span class="line">n, err := reader.ReadAt(p,<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> err != <span class="literal">nil</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">panic</span>(err)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">fmt.Printf(<span class="string">"%s,%d\n"</span>,p,n)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>  <strong>输出：</strong></p>
  <figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">标准库,9</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>  <strong>注意</strong>：需要知道的是，如果上面代码中改成<code>p := make([]byte,10)</code>将会触发<code>panic</code>，输出<code>panic: EOF</code>，这就可以看出<code>ReadAt</code>比Read严格的错误机制了。</p>
</li>
<li><code>WriteAt</code>方法基本一致，但是在写入的时候，会将从offset处开始到写入内容长度相同的这一段内容覆盖掉，举例:  <figure class="highlight golang"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// file是一个.txt文件，里面的内容是“Golang中文社区——这里是多余的”</span></span><br><span class="line">n,err := file.WriteAt([]<span class="keyword">byte</span>(<span class="string">"Go语言中文网"</span>),<span class="number">24</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//最终file中的内容变成了“Golang中文社区——Go语言中文网”，也就是从offset=24处写入的内容，将之前的内容覆盖掉了</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="ReaderFrom和WriterTo接口"><a href="#ReaderFrom和WriterTo接口" class="headerlink" title="ReaderFrom和WriterTo接口"></a><code>ReaderFrom</code>和<code>WriterTo</code>接口</h3><ul>
<li><p>定义：</p>
  <figure class="highlight golang"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> ReadFrom <span class="keyword">interface</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    ReadFrom(r Reader)(n <span class="keyword">int64</span>,err error)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p><code>ReadFrom</code>方法从一个reader中读取数据，读取到文件末尾(EOF)或者发生错误是进行返回，返回读取的字节数，还有发生的错误，或者<code>io.EOF</code>。</p>
</li>
<li></li>
</ul>

      
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      <ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#io：基本的I-O接口"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">io：基本的I/O接口</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Reader接口"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">Reader接口</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Writer接口"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Writer接口</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#举例实现了io-Reader接口或io-Writer接口的标准库类型"><span class="nav-number">1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">举例实现了io.Reader接口或io.Writer接口的标准库类型</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#ReaderAt和WriterAt接口"><span class="nav-number">1.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">ReaderAt和WriterAt接口</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#ReaderFrom和WriterTo接口"><span class="nav-number">1.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">ReaderFrom和WriterTo接口</span></a></li></ol></li></ol>
    
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